751 CE: The Abbasid Caliphate emerged victorious in the Battle of Talas against the Chinese Tang Dynasty. What are four achievements of the Abbasid empire? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". News. Baghdad was strategically located between Asia and Europe, which made it a prime spot on overland trade routes between the two continents. Start of the Abbasid Caliphate . B;"pv$LQrr2Z|+14eXQ`0A(#GFm|a 0b#'ThSS=s#7z(A.22|pY.L)Mu With time, these inclusive policies were spread to non-Muslims, and many Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians rose to high positions in politics and commerce. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Power was concentrated there. -helped fund cultural achievements. Under their rule, the Islamic world experienced a period of great prosperity and expansion, with advancements in fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and literature. Wells of Power - Olaf Caroe 1951 Medieval England - Paul E. Szarmach 1998 The name is derived from that of the uncle of the Prophet Muhammad, al-Abbs (died c. 653) of the Hashemite clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Arab ships were considered the top of navigation technology. What 3 things led to the decline of the Abbasid dynasty? Map of the Abbasid Caliphate in the 9th century. What Was the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth? The timeframe of this reign coincides with what historians consider to be the Islamic Golden Age. Abbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate. Will Xbox Series X ever be in stock again? The first two centuries of the Abbasid Caliphate are regarded as the golden age of Islamic civilization. The second dynasty is the Abbasid dynasty; technically its rule extended as late as 1258, but in reality its princes ceased to be a significant cultural . The faith upgrade will then be available in. By Ilyas BenabdeljalilMA Int'l Relations, BA Political ScienceIlyas holds a BA in Political Science and an MA in International Relations. The political power of the Abbasids largely ended with the rise of the Buyids and the Seljuq Turks in 1258 CE. They appealed to the Shia by claiming descent from Muhammad through his uncle Abbas. Arab navigators dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean. Some of the goods being traded through Baghdad were ivory, soap, honey, and diamonds. "Successor"; civic and religious leader of an Islamic state, called "Caliphate.". But Mamluks had first appeared in the Abbasid caliphate in the ninth century and even after their overthrow by the Ottomans they continued to form an important part of Egyptian Islamic society and existed as an influential group until the 19th century. y/?pEuio@mmc}s[wtOi'P9bT;|?7'CQm]9],'q9aAY[W}fIo 0_1RO`Q;tR:i|%m. Such policies allowed the development of a strong military, good education, and, most importantly, encouraged the proliferation of trade relations with other major powers. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. The spread of Abbasid technologies such as windmills and hand cranks and the influence of Abbasid technologies in astronomy and navigation defined the shape of the Early Modern Period and our modern world. Just a few of these advancements included improvements in agriculture, development of moveable type, uses for gunpowder, invention of a mechanical clock, superior shipbuilding, the use of paper money, compass navigation, and porcelain production. This move aimed to keep the Abbasids close to their Persian support base. It was an important link that connected trade routes in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Advancements in glassmaking, textile production, and natural power through windmills serve as practical technological advancements within the Abbasid Caliphate. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Soon after, in 1258, the dynasty fell during a Mongol siege of Baghdad. endobj Twit. When did the Western Roman Empire end and how? With the move of the Abbasid's capital from Damascus to Baghdad, the Abbasid Caliphate centralized its role among its Arab and non-Arab citizens. Baghdad was strategically located between Asia and Europe, which made it a prime spot on overland trade routes between the two continents. He chose to build the city on the Tigris River in order for it to be on the crossroads of caravans going on the Silk Road, from North Africa and Europe towards China. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Umayyad Muslims are referred to as Sunni Muslims while Abbasid Muslims are called the Shiites. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. One way the Abbasid dynasty was able to spread written knowledge so quickly was their improvements on printing technology they had obtained from the Chinese; some historians believe this technology was taken after the Battle of Talas between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Tang Dynasty in 751. Ashdo. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Gaming. Although these troops were converted to Islam, the base of imperial unity through religion was gone, and some of the new army officers quickly learned to control the caliphate through assassination of any caliph who would not accede to their demands. How do I change the custom icons on my iPhone? In Egypt, North Africa, Spain, and elsewhere, local dynasties claimed caliphal status. Source: Wikimedia Commons. The Abbasid Caliphs were great patrons of art and literature. The decline of the Abbasid Caliphate can be attributed to several factors, including: Political instability: The Abbasid Caliphs faced several challenges to their authority. The Abbasid empire is the second empire of note in the spread and development of Islam. In addition to preserving information, these scholars contributed new insights in their fields and ultimately passed their discoveries along to Europe. xR;O0_q=90"CATJZ5->v`|tonD-Be-h])(V@T/0#~qv>Z5k'Ws*2BRrR#FDb86)FtEQdJ}X@F2U7&1s:k0i,yuM;O#hdmLwuLFFFI:{NY,_(f'[@zm[Jos9K;'C"?{&{Fgb*2YHR kKFkc%CiL##U!Xau Y,kL"ry)`:$ M156 ! In Baghdad, colleges and observatories arose within its walls. Thus, he is sometimes considered the true founder of the Abbasid dynasty. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Who was the founder of Abbasid dynasty and what was his title? This is when the Abbasid caliphate began. Direct link to YY's post It was an important link , Posted 3 years ago. They both visited and received Emperor Charlemagne in the early 9th century. Despite that, the newly-established Abbasid Caliphate dominated most of the Muslim world. The Island of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf was an important place for navigation technologies and was in the middle of trade sea roads connecting the Middle East to India and beyond. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 ce and reigned as the Abbasid caliphate until it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258. She authored the forward for "The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Crusades.". Source: Cattette, CC-BY-4.0, Wikimedia Commons. The caliphate imposed Islamic laws, taxed non-Muslims through the exclusive jizya tax, and promoted the Islamic faith throughout its territories and beyond. The five centuries of Abbasid rule were the time when great works of fiction such as One Thousand and One Nights (also known in English as Arabian Nights). These same philosophers contributed greatly to other fields, such as medicine, mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Islamic scholars made significant contributions to various fields of knowledge, including mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. At the time of the Caliph Al-Mamun, diplomatic missions were tasked with gathering books from different countries in order to translate them at the Baghdad House of Wisdom. The Dome was built in 780, while the mosque was completed in 715. What were 5 achievements of the Islamic Golden Age? Britains Information Research Department: Is it Secret Propaganda? Converting enemies with Abbasid Dynasty requires building the house of wisdom, and then building the culture wing from within the house of wisdom. In the Translation Movement, scholars translated ancient Greek literature into modern Arabic, opening the medieval world to legends and ideas of the past. The invasion of the Mongols, who sack Baghdad. The Abbasids changed this by building Baghdad at the center of the Silk Road. /Type /Catalog What was the Abbasid empire known for and where was its capital? It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. In 1258, the library was burned in the aftermath of the storm of Baghdad by the Mongol troops of Hulagu Khan, grandson of Ghengis Khan. <> This event initiated a century-long period in which much of the empire was ruled by local dynasties. The second largest city of the Byzantine Empire, Thessalonica, was later sacked with support by the Abbasid Dynasty under Caliph Al-Mamun. What does it mean to call someone a huckleberry? Does vinegar get rid of Japanese beetles? The Mongols destroyed Baghdad in 1258, which marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphate. Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia? In the 13th century, the Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, invaded the Middle East and destroyed Baghdad. In China, papermaking was a practice reserved for elites, but the Arabs learned how to produce texts on a larger scale, establishing paper mills which made books more accessible. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The social content brewed by Umayyad policies opened the doors for political upheaval. The capital was moved to the new city of Baghdad, and events in Persia and Transoxania were closely watched. endobj They founded several institutions of learning, including the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, which was a center of intellectual activity. 1 What are four achievements of the Abbasid empire? He died in 653 AD. Like America, algebra had always been there. How were Abbasids different from umayyads? The Abbasid rulers kept their attention on these scholarly pursuits, eager to integrate discoveries into military expeditions and shows of courtly power. With the rise of the Abbasids, the base for influence in the empire became international, emphasizing membership in the community of believers rather than Arab nationality. Image credit: Baghdad attracted many people, including scholars, to live within its borders. In addition, Muslim engineers developed machines that allowed the mechanizing of certain aspects of agriculture. Direct link to lanker's post What made Baghdad such a , Posted 4 years ago. How did the Abbasid Dynasty start? It is said that Baghdad was the first round city of its kind in the Middle East. endobj This library, known as the Baghdad House of Wisdom, continued to be developed and enriched with books and scholarly works until the late 9th century. Who was the most famous ruler of the Abbasid Dynasty? Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. The palace of the Caliph stood in the midst of a vast park several hours in circumference, which beside a menagerie and aviary comprised an enclosure for wild animals reserved for the chase. Direct link to David Alexander's post Government, money and cul, Posted 2 years ago. ESTRj!K@d%1kkkG)`0{@oayFm2%u8Vr Q$!roNWs WM0+gb m^HJu/|3%"'*ueXu3$pTK-9QW$5Mud3rc3sqAZc/d?"]$#4@lvl7kS?jIA\ZkA`.AQZ.n9xHuNd = 7{hHoW8BAS"7 WA Direct link to sara razi's post Is there any other reason, Posted 3 years ago. Abbasid rule also saw the emergence of great intellectuals such as Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, and Ibn Sina, better known as Avicenna in the West. The project mobilized more than 100,000 workers, including architects, masons, and builders. The loyalty and trust conferred upon us by our constantly growing number of influential readers distinguishes our work, and motivates us to maintain a quality and integrity in our journalism. Muslim conquests following Prophet Muhammads death led to the creation of the caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces conquering vast territories and built imperial structures over time. Thus, Baghdad became a major trade center that attracted merchants from as far as Western Europe, China, and the African Horn. Under the patronage of caliphs and governors, numerous poets rose to prominence in the courts of Baghdad and the provincial capitals. Thus, the spirit of objective inquiry in understanding physical realities was very much there in the works of Muslim scientists. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. Direct link to David Alexander's post As Islamic traders fanned, Posted 3 years ago. One of the main contributions of these intellectuals is the translation of writings by Greek philosophers into Arabic. This is in direct contrast to Sunni Islam, the style of the Umayyad and later the Ottoman Empire, which holds that the leader of the Islamic faith should be elected. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. While the myth of a "Dark Age" in Europe has since been dismissed, historians still emphasize the importance of the Islamic world in preserving and building upon the knowledge of the Classical Era. What brought an end to Islams golden age? Moreover, Al-Kindi, another philosopher, is also known as one of the earliest doctors to distinguish between body illnesses and mental illnesses.. He is also known for his approach to experimentation. True or False: The Abbasid Dynasty's territories expanded considerably during its reign. were a critical period in Chinese history---they saw the birth and development of the new Chinese empire and its earliest expansion and acquisition of frontier territories. Abbasid Dynasty Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Brezhnev Doctrine Brezhnev Era In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks, a Sunni Muslim Turkish dynasty, invaded the Abbasid Caliphate and established their own empire. The 13th century Mongol Invasion of Hulagu Khan ended the caliphate's reign in 1258. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Finally, the Golden Age of Islam produced numerous astronomers, such as Al-Battani, who improved the measurement of the precession of the Earths axis. Abdullah Ibn Abbas was appointed governor of Basrah by the Caliph Ali which office he held for some time. <> Medicine occupied a prominent place in Islamic society. . It's not about geography, but about power. How are you supposed to wear a travel pillow? #cX@CvHotR#=PH*[Y 4 Kv:S=K` pdgbi$HRK0kt KSC,)`5d`g cF*FFRR"HDdZ) 2 0 obj A map of the city of Baghdad. Abu Ja'far al Mansur was noted for establishing the Abbasid caliphate. Scientists advanced the fields of algebra, calculus, geometry, chemistry, biology, medicine, and astronomy. How much MCT oil should I take a day to lose weight? This metaphor of cultural destruction portrays how the population felt the devastation of their collective knowledge. The Abbasid caliphs also encouraged the translation of Greek, Persian, and Indian works into Arabic. Abu Ja'far al Mansur was noted for establishing the Abbasid caliphate. He studied economy, sociology, public policy, and history and worked as a researcher for think tanks and consulting firms. This led to a great cultural exchange, and Islamic scholars made significant contributions to various fields of knowledge, including mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The threat of the Ghaznavid Empire and Seljuk Turks proved too much to bear. Description. >> , or is essentially during the Abbasid dynasty and it ends with the Mongol invasion . Moreover, many Umayyad rulers were oppressive and did not offer equal rights to non-Arab Muslim people within their state. As its power grip began to fail and as its citizens began to see it weaken, many began to grumble against the dynastys rather secular ways. Looking at Adani crisis from a valuation experts viewpoint, Bangladeshs Relations with India with Change of Government in New Delhi An Analysis, The 10 most powerful countries in the world, Exploring Japans Missile Counterstrikes Capabilities, India,Bangladesh de-dollarization initiative, Abbasid Caliphate: History, timeline, achievements, decline, Rise of the Fourth Reich, Summary and Review, Chinas response to decoupling, explained, The Declassification Engine, Summary and Review. Abbasid. The decline of the Abbasid Caliphate began in the 10th century when the Buyid dynasty, a Shia Muslim Persian dynasty, gained power in Baghdad. These upgrades impact and alter core game elements and mechanics, providing a unique way to build your empire. Art depicting the 1258 Siege of Baghdad. They contributed significantly to the development of later schools of thought, such as existentialism, while basing themselves on a very progressive and daring reading of the Quran and religious texts. Contact with China introduced paper to the Islamic Empire. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. When did the Abbasid dynasty start and end? Like most Iranians the Safavids (1501-1722) were Sunni, although like many outside Shiism they venerated Imam Ali (601-661), the first of the 12 Shia imams. What famous European ruler visited Baghdad in the Abbasid Caliphate in the early 9th century? Art portraying Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, proclaimed the Abbasid Caliphate's first caliph. External invasions: The Crusaders and Mongols invaded the Middle East and weakened the Abbasid Caliphates power and influence. Why did the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads? What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? Features of the period of the Abbasid dynasty Editar | Comentar. endobj Schools of higher education and libraries were built throughout the empire. The Islamic mathematical principles are derived from pieces of other culture mathematics like Greek and Hindu math. This marked the beginning of the golden age of Islamic civilization. The Prophet Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. Umayyad dynasty, also spelled Omayyad, the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the caliphate (661-750 ce), sometimes referred to as the Arab kingdom (reflecting traditional Muslim disapproval of the secular nature of the Umayyad state). Muslim Society In 14Th Century India. Snell, Melissa. 775 CE: Beginning of the Abbasid Golden Age. How did the Abbasid empire differ from the Umayyad empire? Here is a list of the 8 main achievements realized under the Abbasid Caliphate. Who is Lil Boosie daughter?Iviona HatchToriana HatchLyric Beyonce HatchTarlaysia Hatch. They built several iconic structures, including the Great Mosque of Samarra, the Alhambra palace in Spain, and the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. Some of the notable achievements of include: The Abbasid Caliphs founded the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, which was a center of intellectual activity. While the Abbasids themselves were descendants of the Arab clans of Mecca, their policies were careful to give importance to converts from other ethnicities and religious minorities. For the first time, the caliphate was not coterminous with Islam. History for Kids >> Early Islamic World. The second and first centuries B.C. What dynasty was in power during Islams golden age? Dome of the Clocks, Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 ce and reigned as the Abbasid caliphate until it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258. In that regard, it is worth noting that bureaucracy was given to Persians, who got their inspiration from the Sassanid Empire, to remodel the governance of the Islamic Empire. In 750 AD, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah, the leader of the Abbasid forces, defeated the Umayyads in the Battle of the Zab. Baghdad fell in 1258 to which invading force? The Abbasid Dynasty was distinctly Islamic in its rule. The rapprochement of ancient philosophy with Islamic religious teaching was one of the key challenges for Muslim philosophers. /Pages 1 0 R Rallied under their leader, the Prophet Muhammed, in the 7th century, the Arabs (mainly under the Umayyad Caliphate) pressed deep into western territories. After three years of open fighting the last Umayyad caliph, Marwan II, was assassinated in 750. 5 When did the Abbasid dynasty start and end? They had initially resisted Islam . Support by pious Muslims likewise led the Abbasids to acknowledge publicly the embryonic Islamic law and to profess to base their rule on the religion of Islam. It was not until the Umayyad Dynasty from 661 to 750that Islamic and Arabic culture began to truly spread. The culture flourished as Arabic art and architecture reached new heights. The Chinese had guarded paper making as a secret, but when the Tang lost the battle, the Abbasids captured knowledgeable paper makers as prisoners of war, forcing them to reproduce their craft. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); We are largest Know-How Listing website, total [total_posts] questions already asked and get answers instantly! They knew that strict religious laws often sparked discontent and revolution. The Abbasid Caliphate was a major dynasty that ruled over the Islamic Empire during its peak. 5 0 obj The power of the army officers had already weakened through internal rivalries when the Iranian Byids entered Baghdad in 945, demanding of al-Mustakf (944946) that they be recognized as the sole rulers of the territory they controlled. In 750 AD, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah, the leader of the Abbasid forces, defeated the Umayyads in the Battle of the Zab. Arabic poetry and literature reached their height during the era of the Abbasid Caliphate. The use of paper spread from China into the caliphate in the 8th century CE, arriving in al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) and then the rest of Europe in the 10th century. Direct link to msndz_'s post Is there any islamic scho, Posted 3 years ago. C>^l'/%muh*):|?owV1PikReK;$[Q+s+=@;/2J/ B)"*Xn/)+7q:1?-/]#( ^\>VP;RA`e|),Id(Ev\I;(;( ;0Dsb[x=Y>- 2hYy3v>$ww|.>o"QGB8DS8-4((+_x' WMPd$h2:lc 5v*S 1`fW>yO ~z1+%E[!XGi@s IP) Alongside the burning of the Great Library of Alexandria, the destruction of the Baghdad House of Wisdom is considered a major tragedy in the history of science. Moreover, this library covered fields such as philosophy, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and so on. As Islamic traders fanned out from the Arabian peninsula to other areas, they brought their faith practices with them. What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? The Abbasid caliphs established the city of Baghdad in 762 CE. Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. One such project was the construction of the new capital of the Caliphate: Baghdad. They developed algebra, created astronomical instruments, and made advances in medicine. The Umayyads were defeated in battle, and its leadership began to flee. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Al Mansur's father Muhammad was a prominent member of the Abbasid family and the great-grandson of the revered Abbas; his mother was an enslaved Berber. In 1258, the Mongol Khan successfully besieged Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Dynasty. The Abbasids distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by, So, the major challenge the Abbasid faced was the. 1258 CE: Baghdad's Siege, marking the Abbasid Caliphate's end. Will you still be able to buy Godiva chocolate? The promotion of inclusivity contributed greatly to internal peace and stability. There were several. This marked the beginning of the golden age of Islamic civilization. Scholars living in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate contributed to the preservation of Greek and other existing knowledge about philosophy, astronomy, medicine, and many other disciplines. During the reign of Caliph Al-Mansur in the 8th century, a great library was constructed in the middle of Baghdad. (If so, why isn't it shown in today's modern textbooks?). Have all your study materials in one place. Who was the real founder of Abbasid dynasty? The Abbasids were known for their contributions to Islamic art, science, and culture. They created a great and brilliant civilization. Despite this, the Abbasids hunted and killed them, desecrated the tombs of hated Umayyad rulers (notably sparing the tomb of the pious Umar II), and gained support for their movement. Why did the Abbasid Dynasty encourage, but not force, non-Muslims to convert to Islam? What are the insecurities of a narcissist? In the year 750, the Abbasid Clan, led by Abu-Al-Abbass A-Saffah, aided by the Hashimiyya Movement and Shia Muslims, brutally overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate. The project was launched by the second ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate, Al-Mansur. You c, Posted 3 years ago. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. He was ruthless to his enemies and not altogether trustworthy to his allies. Abstract. They established an independent emirate, while Berber tribes independently ruled in modern-day Morocco and Algeria. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This trend of impendent governors would continue, causing major problems for the caliphate. Nowadays, he is preparing for a PhD program in International Cooperation and Public Policy. The Abbasids built Baghdad from scratch while maintaining the network of roads and trade routes the Persians had established before the Umayyad Dynasty took over. Come the 11th century. Abbasid Dynasty: Architecture and Science Flourish The collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate ushered in the golden age of the Abbasid Dynasty. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); All manuscripts should be submitted as a Word document to kutnitifair@gmail.com. It is said that at its peak, Baghdad counted more than 800 doctors. The Umayyads, headed by Ab Sufyn, were a largely merchant family of the Quraysh tribe centred at Mecca. It became a center of learning and the hub of what is known as the Golden Age of Islam. How can I change my iPhone IP address for free? up his own dynasty and ruled as a king, though he continued to recognize the Abbasid caliph. The Abbasid caliphs established the city of Baghdad in 762 CE. How do I change my voicemail message on my? Though he was actually the second Abbasid caliph, he succeeded his brother only five years after the overthrow of the Umayyads, and the bulk of the work was in his hands. TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. Seven men sit in front of a bookshelf; one man is reading from an opened book. Abbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate. After destroying the collection of the Library of Baghdad by tossing thousands of books into the nearby Tigris River, people reportedly saw the river turn black with ink. Al Mansur established his capital at Baghdad, which he named the City of Peace. The excesses of the Umayyad did not go unnoticed by many in the Islamic world, and challengers were abundant. A new city removed his people from troubles in partisan regions and housed an expanding bureaucracy.
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